A Novel Dual-wavelength, Dual-function Laser System for Presbyopia and Glaucoma Treatments

To update the accommodation mechanisms and propose a dual-wavelength, dual-function laser system for presbyopia and glaucoma treatments.Study Design: Laser sclera softening (LSS) for increased accommodation of presbyopic eyes.Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, between Jan., 2023 and Feb., 2023.Methodology: Accommodation gain (AG) can be improved by: (i) thermal shrinkage of the scleral stroma and ciliary body, or (ii) softening of the scleral stroma (with temperature range of 700C to 900C), such that the the lens front and back curvature change (or lens thickening), leading to the thickening of ciliary body and its apex, and the increase of the space of ciliary body and lens equation (SCL), and the length of the posterior vitreal zonules (PVZ) increases.Results: A novel dual-color laser system having wavelength A and B, acting on the front-zone and back-zone of the sclera, respectively, where laser-A has a deep thermal penetration the sclera and ciliary body (CB) (0.5 to 1.0 mm); and laser-B has a shallow penetration depth in the sclera (0.3 to 0.5 mm), based on the optical property of the sclera. Laser-A (having a wavelength about0.8 to 0.98 um) leads to thermal shrinkage of the ciliary body such that the CLS is increased for accommodation gain which is much more effective than the prior art.Conclusion: The increase of AG can be achieved by scleral softening and ciliary body shrinkage which increase the SCL. A proposed novel dual-color laser system acting on the front-zone and back-zone of the sclera, respectively, could provide higher AG than that of single wavelength, or prior arts using scleral ablation. However, further clinical studies are required to justified the proposed novel system with predicted advantages and efficacy based on the optical properties of sclera.

The role of muscle relaxation in badminton players / O papel do relaxamento muscular em jogadores de badminton / El papel de la relajación muscular en jugadores de bádminton

ABSTRACT Introduction: In training, fatigue and recovery are antagonistic factors. Physical rehabilitation of athletes and elimination of sports fatigue have gradually become essential factors in improving competitiveness. Muscle relaxation exercises can reduce badminton players' physical effort, allowing them to recover quickly. Objective: Analyze muscle relaxation's effect on fatigue relief until the normalization of physical strength in badminton players. Methods: Twelve badminton players were grouped in cross-sectional tests. During the three weeks of physical training, players performed two training methods: muscle relaxation and complete rest. Laboratory analysis encompassed blood biomarkers such as urea and creatine kinase. Data were collected before and after the interventions, confronted, and studied mathematically and statistically. Results: The proportions of leukocytes and lymphocytes in the muscle relaxation group after resistance exercise were lower than before. The decrease of morning leukocytes in the muscle relaxation group on the second day was less than in the resting group. The recovery effect of the lymphocyte ratio was also better. After special strength training, the value of creatine kinase was significantly higher than before exercise in both the muscle relaxation group and the complete rest group. Conclusion: Muscle relaxation can reduce exercise fatigue in badminton players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: No treinamento, fadiga e recuperação são fatores antagônicos. A reabilitação física dos atletas e a eliminação da fadiga esportiva tornaram-se gradualmente fatores essenciais para melhorar a competitividade. O exercício de relaxamento muscular pode reduzir o esforço físico dos jogadores de badminton, permitindo ao jogador recuperar-se rapidamente. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito do relaxamento muscular sobre o alívio da fadiga até a normalização da força física nos jogadores de badminton. Métodos: Foram agrupados 12 jogadores de badminton em testes transversais. Durante as três semanas de treinamento físico, os jogadores realizaram dois métodos de treinamento: relaxamento muscular e repouso completo. A análise laboratorial englobou biomarcadores sanguíneos, como ureia e creatina cinase. Os dados foram coletados antes e após as intervenções, confrontados e estudados de forma matemática e estatística. Resultados: As proporções de leucócitos e linfócitos no grupo de relaxamento muscular após o exercício de resistência foram menores do que antes. A diminuição dos leucócitos matinais no grupo de relaxamento muscular no segundo dia foi menor do que no grupo de repouso, e o efeito de recuperação da relação de linfócitos também foi melhor. Após o treinamento especial de força, o valor da creatina quinase foi significativamente maior do que antes do exercício tanto no grupo de relaxamento muscular quanto no grupo de repouso completo. Conclusão: O relaxamento muscular pode reduzir a fadiga do exercício nos jogadores de badminton. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el entrenamiento, la fatiga y la recuperación son factores antagónicos. La rehabilitación física de los atletas y la eliminación de la fatiga deportiva se han convertido gradualmente en factores esenciales para mejorar la competitividad. El ejercicio de relajación muscular puede reducir el esfuerzo físico de los jugadores de bádminton, permitiendo que el jugador se recupere rápidamente. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de la relajación muscular en el alivio de la fatiga hasta la normalización de la fuerza física en jugadores de bádminton. Métodos: Se agruparon doce jugadores de bádminton en pruebas transversales. Durante las tres semanas de entrenamiento físico, los jugadores realizaron dos métodos de entrenamiento: la relajación muscular y el descanso completo. Los análisis de laboratorio incluían biomarcadores sanguíneos como la urea y la creatina quinasa. Los datos se recogieron antes y después de las intervenciones, se confrontaron y se estudiaron matemática y estadísticamente. Resultados: Las proporciones de leucocitos y linfocitos en el grupo de relajación muscular tras el ejercicio de resistencia fueron menores que antes. La disminución de los leucocitos matinales en el grupo de relajación muscular en el segundo día fue menor que en el grupo de reposo, y el efecto de recuperación de la proporción de linfocitos también fue mejor. Después del entrenamiento especial de fuerza, el valor de la creatina quinasa fue significativamente mayor que antes del ejercicio tanto en el grupo de relajación muscular como en el de reposo completo. Conclusión: La relajación muscular puede reducir la fatiga del ejercicio en los jugadores de bádminton. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Exercise fatigue injury under sport resistance / Lesão de fadiga causada por exercício sob resistência esportiva / Lesión por fatiga causada por ejercicio bajo resistencia deportiva

ABSTRACT Introduction Athletes are prone to local muscle fatigue due to high-intensity training and to long-term accumulation of musculoskeletal injuries. Musculoskeletal complications represent a large proportion of occupational health problems and, for this reason, have received increased attention from the sports industry. In this sense, studies on muscle fatigue should be intensified. Objective Verify muscle fatigue and injury involving the strain characteristics of lower limb joints in the eccentric and centripetal contraction of the jump. Methods A total of 691 individuals aged 20 to 40 years were selected. Fatigue was caused by active muscle contraction. The characteristic curves of active muscle contraction in different isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic training were analyzed. The degree of fatigue caused by three different sports states was tested by experimentation. The corresponding active muscle contraction characteristics were also analyzed. The potential for homeostasis at different ages was compared. Results The delay in recovery to fatigue is directly proportional to the athlete's age. The return to post-exercise relief proportion from fatigue gradually decreases. Conclusion The experimental results showed that active muscle contraction could reduce exercise fatigue to some extent. This beneficial biochemical property of active muscle contraction is not found in people with advanced age. The findings have a guiding potential for the relief of sports fatigue. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução Os esportistas estão propensos à fadiga muscular local devido ao treinamento de alta intensidade, e ao acúmulo de lesões musculoesqueléticas a longo prazo. As complicações musculoesqueléticas representam uma grande fatia dos problemas de saúde ocupacional e por isso têm recebido maior atenção da indústria esportiva. Nesse sentido, os estudos sobre a fadiga muscular devem ser aprofundados. Objetivo Verificar a fadiga e lesão muscular envolvendo as características de esforço das articulações dos membros inferiores na contração excêntrica e contração centrípeta do salto. Métodos Foram selecionados 691 indivíduos com idade entre 20 a 40 anos. A fadiga foi ocasionada por contração muscular ativa. Foram analisadas as curvas características da contração muscular ativa em diferentes estados nos treinos isométrico, isotônico e isocinético. O grau de fadiga causado por três estados esportivos diferentes foi testado através de experimentos. Também foram analisadas as características de contração muscular ativa correspondentes. O potencial de homeostase em diferentes idades foi comparado. Resultados O retardo na recuperação à fadiga é diretamente proporcional a idade do esportista. A proporção de retorno ao alívio pós-exercício sobre a fadiga diminui gradualmente. Conclusão Os resultados experimentais mostram que a contração muscular ativa pode reduzir até certo ponto a fadiga ao exercício. Os efeitos dessas propriedades bioquímicas benéficas da contração muscular ativa não são encontrados em pessoas com idade avançada. Os achados tem um potencial orientador para o alívio da fadiga esportiva. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción Los deportistas son propensos a la fatiga muscular local debido al entrenamiento de alta intensidad, y a la acumulación de lesiones musculoesqueléticas a largo plazo. Las complicaciones musculoesqueléticas representan una gran parte de los problemas de salud laboral y por ello han recibido una mayor atención por parte de la industria del deporte. En este sentido, hay que profundizar en los estudios sobre la fatiga muscular. Objetivo Verificar la fatiga muscular y las lesiones que implican las características de esfuerzo de las articulaciones de los miembros inferiores en la contracción excéntrica y centrípeta del salto. Métodos Se seleccionaron 691 individuos de entre 20 y 40 años. La fatiga fue causada por la contracción muscular activa. Fueron analizadas las curvas características de la contracción muscular activa en diferentes estados en el entrenamiento isométrico, isotónico e isocinético. El grado de fatiga provocado por tres estados deportivos diferentes se comprobó mediante experimentos. También se analizaron las correspondientes características de la contracción muscular activa. Se comparó el potencial de homeostasis a diferentes edades. Resultados El retraso en la recuperación a la fatiga es directamente proporcional a la edad del deportista. La proporción de retorno al alivio de la fatiga después del ejercicio disminuye gradualmente. Conclusión Los resultados experimentales muestran que la contracción muscular activa puede reducir la fatiga del ejercicio en cierta medida. Los efectos de estas propiedades bioquímicas beneficiosas de la contracción muscular activa no se encuentran en las personas mayores. Los hallazgos tienen un potencial orientador para el alivio de la fatiga deportiva. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Two devices to facilitate the perception of pelvic floor muscle contraction in the sitting position in women with urinary incontinence: comparative analysis / Dois dispositivos facilitadores de percepção da contração do assoalho pélvico na posição sentada em mulheres com incontinência urinária: análise comparativa / Dos herramientas que facilitan la percepción de la contracción del suelo pélvico en posición sentada de mujeres con incontinencia urinaria: un análisis comparativo

ABSTRACT The use of support devices may facilitate the perception of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) contraction, which is difficult to be performed. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the perception of PFM contraction in the sitting position during the use of two different support devices on women with PFM dysfunction. This is a cross-sectional study performed with 37 women with stress or mixed urinary incontinence (UI). All women performed three free PFM contractions sitting on a chair, followed by three contractions using each support device (sand pads and a cylindrical foam, which provide sciatic and perineal support, respectively). Women scored the perception of PFM contraction from 1 to 5, as well as the perception of facilitation of contraction (higher grades show better results) and discomfort (higher grades show more discomfort) when compared with free contraction. The cylindrical foam presented similar results to sand pads for the perception of PFM contraction (2.84±1.61 vs. 3.19±1.43; p=0.34) and facilitation of contraction (3.38±1.34 vs. 3.19±1.54; p=0.61), as well as for their discomfort (1.83±1.23 vs. 1.5±1.16; p=0.20). Of all women, 57% preferred sand pads. Thus, both sand pads (sciatic support) and the cylindrical foam (perineal support) improved the perception of PFM contraction and facilitation of contraction in the sitting position of women with PFM dysfunction when compared with sitting with no device. The two devices presented no difference between them.

RESUMO O uso de dispositivos de suporte pode auxiliar na percepção da contração dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (AP). O objetivo deste estudo foi, comparar na posição sentada, a percepção da contração dos músculos do AP durante o uso de dois tipos diferentes de dispositivos, em mulheres com disfunção dos músculos do AP. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo transversal com 37 mulheres com incontinência urinária (IU) de esforço ou mista. Primeiro as participantes faziam três contrações livres dos músculos do AP sem o uso de dispositivos, sentadas em uma cadeira. Em seguida, faziam três contrações utilizando cada um dos dois dispositivos: almofadas de areia e uma espuma cilíndrica, que forneciam apoio isquiático e perineal, respectivamente. As pacientes atribuíram nota de 1 a 5 para a percepção que tiveram da contração dos músculos do AP, da facilitação da contração (quanto maior a nota, melhor o resultado) e do desconforto com o dispositivo (quanto maior a nota, maior o desconforto) em comparação às contrações livres. Como resultados principais, verificou-se que o uso da almofada cilíndrica foi similar ao das almofadas de areia para a percepção da contração dos músculos do AP (2,84±1,61 vs. 3,19±1,43; p=0,34), e da facilitação da contração (3,38±1,34 vs. 3,19±1,54; p=0,61), assim como do desconforto (1,83±1,23 vs. 1,5±1,16; p=0,20). Entre as participantes, 57% relataram preferir as almofadas de areia. Concluiu-se que em mulheres com incontinência urinária, tanto as almofadas de areia (apoio isquiático) quanto a espuma cilíndrica (apoio perineal) melhoraram a percepção da contração e facilitaram a contração dos músculos do assoalho pélvico na posição sentada, não havendo, no entanto, diferença entre os dispositivos.

RESUMEN Las herramientas de apoyo pueden ayudar en la percepción de la contracción de los músculos del suelo pélvico (SP), que no siempre es fácil de obtener su medición. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar si dos tipos diferentes de herramientas ayudan a las mujeres con disfunción muscular del SP a contraer estos músculos en posición sentada. Para ello, se realizó un estudio transversal con 37 mujeres con incontinencia urinaria (IU) de esfuerzo o mixta. Primero, las participantes realizaron tres contracciones libres de los músculos del SP sentadas en una silla, sin el uso de herramientas de apoyo. Luego, realizaron tres contracciones utilizando cada uno de los dos dispositivos de apoyo: almohadillas de arena y espuma cilíndrica, que brindan apoyo isquiático y perineal, respectivamente. Las participantes deberían asignar una puntuación de 1 a 5 cuanto a su percepción de la contracción muscular del SP, de la facilitación de la contracción (cuanto mayor sea la puntuación, mejor será el resultado) y la incomodidad con la herramienta (cuanto mayor sea la puntuación, mayor será la incomodidad) en comparación con las contracciones libres. Los principales resultados encontrados apuntan que el uso de la almohadilla cilíndrica fue similar al de las almohadillas de arena en cuanto a su percepción de la contracción de los músculos del SP (2,84±1,61 vs. 3,19±1,43; p=0,34), y la facilitación de la contracción (3,38±1,34 vs. 3,19±1,54; p=0,61), así como la incomodidad (1,83±1,23 vs. 1,5±1,16; p=0,20). El 57% de las participantes informó preferir las almohadillas de arena. Se concluyó que tanto las almohadillas de arena (apoyo isquiático) como la espuma cilíndrica (apoyo perineal) mejoraron la percepción y la facilitación de la contracción muscular del SP en posición sentada de mujeres con disfunción muscular del SP en comparación con la ausencia de la herramienta, sin embargo, hay no hubo diferencia entre las herramientas.

Efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento excéntrico sobre el rendimiento de velocidad en adolescentes de Chile / Effects of an Eccentric Training Protocol on Speed Performance in Chilean Adolescents

Resumen Introducción: Los beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la velocidad de carrera han sido descritos en la bibliografía especializada, sin embargo, la evidencia sobre la influencia de estímulos específicos, basados en contracciones excéntricas sobre la musculatura extensora de cadera, no han sido demostrados. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento basado en contracciones excéntricas (curl nórdico) sobre la velocidad de carrera en 20 metros en adolescentes de la región de Ñuble, Chile. Metodología: 42 individuos escolares fueron divididos en grupo experimental (n=22) y grupo control (n=20). El entrenamiento se desarrolló durante 6 semanas, con una frecuencia de 2 sesiones/semana, pasando de un volumen de 8 a 32 repeticiones de curl nórdico por sesión para el grupo experimental. El rendimiento de velocidad fue evaluado en 20 metros. La prueba T de Student fue utilizada para comparar los resultados pre y post intervención y se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE). Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) a partir de la intervención en el grupo experimental (pre= 3,43 s. vs post= 3,15 s.), y un TE grande (1,04). Conclusión: Se concluye que el entrenamiento excéntrico basado en la aplicación de Curl nórdico, mejora el rendimiento de la velocidad de carrera.

Abstract Introduction: The specialized literature has described the benefits of strength training on running speed. In the same way, stimulation of training based on eccentric contractions has been shown to be effective in improving this quality. Objective: To determine the effects of a training protocol based on the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and another on eccentric contractions (Nordic curl) on the running speed in 20 meters in adolescents from the Ñuble Region, Chile. Methodology: 42 school subjects were divided into experimental group (n = 22) and control group (n = 20). The training was developed for 6 weeks, with a frequency of 2 sessions/week, going from a volume of 8 to 32 repetitions of Nordic curl per session for the experimental group. The speed performance was evaluated in 20 meters. With photocells, the T Student's was applied to compare the pre- and post-intervention results, and the effect size (ES) was calculated. Results: Statistically significant differences were found (p <0.05) from the intervention in the experimental group (pre= 3,43 s. vs post= 3,15 s.), and a large ES (1,04). Conclusion: It is concluded that the eccentric training based on the application of Nordic Curl improves the performance of the running speed.

Resumo Introdução: Os benefícios do treinamento de força na velocidade de corrida foram descritos na literatura especializada, no entanto, não foram demonstradas evidências sobre a influência de estímulos específicos, baseados em contrações excêntricas na musculatura extensora do quadril. Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos de um protocolo de treinamento baseado em contrações excêntricas (cacho nórdico) em velocidade de corrida de 20 m em adolescentes da região do Ñuble, Chile. Metodologia: 42 escolares foram divididos em um grupo experimental (n=22) e um grupo controle (n=20). O treino foi desenvolvido durante 6 semanas, com uma frequência de 2 sessões/semana, passando de um volume de 8 para 32 repetições de ondulação nórdica por sessão para o grupo experimental. O desempenho da velocidade foi avaliado acima de 20 metros. O teste T de Student foi usado para comparar os resultados pré e pós-intervenção e o tamanho do efeito (TE) foi calculado. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) da intervenção no grupo experimental (pré= 3,43 s. vs pós= 3,15 s.), e um TE grande (1,04). Conclusão: Conclui-se que o treinamento excêntrico baseado na aplicação do Curl nórdico melhora o desempenho da velocidade de corrida.

Efecto contráctil del extracto acuoso de Artemisia absinthium (ajenjo) frente a oxitocina en útero aislado de ratas / Contractile effect of aqueous extract of Artemisia absinthium (ajenjo) against oxytocin in isolated uterus of rats

RESUMEN Introducción. El uso de Artemisia absinthium (ajenjo) en el trabajo de parto es ampliamente empleado en países de la región; sin embargo, no hay evidencia científica suficiente de su eficacia y seguridad, lo que representa un alto riesgo maternofetal. Objetivo. El propósito fue evaluar el efecto contractil de la Artemisia absinthium (ajenjo) en comparación a la oxitocina en útero aislado de ratas. Métodos. Se separaron 8 ratas Holtzman en i) Grupo experimental: Artemisia dosis 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 y 50 mg y ii) Grupo control: oxitocina 10-6 M. Se montaron los úteros en un baño de órganos aislados y se registraron contracciones por 5 minutos. Resultados. La frecuencia de contracciones con ajenjo 40 y 50 mg fueron comparables con oxitocina (p>0,05). Asimismo, dosis de 20 y 30 mg de Artemisia provocaron contracciones significativamente más duraderas que la oxitocina. La intensidad resultó ser comparable con oxitocina con dosis de 20, 40 y 50 mg de Artemisia. Conclusión. El extracto acuoso de Artemisia absinthium presentó efecto contráctil similar a la oxitocina y dependiente de la dosis en útero aislado de ratas.

ABSTRACT Introduction. The use of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood) in labour is widely used in countries in the region; however, there is no enough scientific evidence of its efficacy and safety, which represents a high maternalfetal risk. Objective. The purpose was to assess the contractile effect of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood) compared to oxytocin in utero isolated from rats. Methods. Eight Holtzman rats were separated into i) Experimental group: Artemisia dose 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg and ii) Control group: oxytocin 10-6 M. The uteruses were mounted in an isolated organ bath, and contractions were recorded for 5 minutes. Results. The frequency of contractions with wormwood 40 and 50 mg were comparable with oxytocin (p>0.05). Likewise, doses of 20 and 30 mg of Artemisia caused significantly longer-lasting contractions than oxytocin. The intensity was found to be comparable with oxytocin at doses of 20, 40, and 50 mg of Artemisia. Conclusion. The aqueous extract of Artemisia absinthium has a contractile effect similar to oxytocin and is dose dependent in utero isolated from rats.

Blood glucose kinetics during concentric and eccentric muscle contractions

Studies comparing the two classes of stimuli (concentric and eccentric) have shown differences in the improvement of cardiovascular, metabolic, and muscle strength gain. This is an experimental, quantitative, and prospective study that aimed to verify the effect of eccentric exercise on glycolytic consumption and kinetics. The blood glucose kinetics of 17 male subjects was evaluated during a treadmill exercise with a 10% declined floor and velocity that required a 60% metabolic activity of VO2max, for 30 minutes. Seventy-two hours later, the same subjects exercised on the treadmill with a 10% inclined floor and 60% VO2max, for 30 minutes. To quantify glucose, blood samples were collected before the exercise, every three minutes along the 30 minutes of physical activity, and five and 10 minutes after finishing the exercise. For the downward slope, there was a homogeneous group behavior for blood glucose dynamics during the exercise, which was characterized by a monotonic decrease of glucose levels until reaching a minimum value at experimental times between 20 and 30 min, followed by a progressive recovery toward initial values. For the acclivity condition, blood glucose dynamics did not follow such a homogeneous behavior. A set of different types of dynamics could be identified. Experimental data showed that the type of dynamics could be predicted, to some extent, by the basal blood glucose level of subjects. The type of floor slope (upward or downward) directly affected glycolytic consumption and kinetics for the individuals analyzed.

Padrões de contração muscular e suas associações no terço superior da face: um estudo clínico e epidemiológico / Muscle contraction patterns and their associations in the upper third of the face: a clinical and epidemiological study

Introdução: o uso da toxina botulínica tornou-se um dos procedimentos cosméticos mais importantes realizados no mundo. Objetivo: identificar padrões de contração muscular da fronte, complexo glabelar e músculo orbicular dos olhos em pacientes do sul do Brasil, estabelecendo sua epidemiologia e possíveis associações entre eles. Métodos: foram incluídos 101 pacientes que buscaram tratamento com toxina botulínica para fronte, glabela e linhas perioculares entre 2012 e 2016. Análises foram feitas por meio de fotografias digitais tiradas durante consulta médica, antes da aplicação dos produtos. Os pacientes foram tratados com diferentes marcas de toxina botulínica, de acordo com suas preferências ou com as do médico. Resultados: os padrões de contração mais comuns foram frontal completo, glabelar em setas convergentes e periocular completo. Mulheres representaram 94,1% dos pacientes. A maioria tinha idade entre 31 e 50 anos, com média de 44,57 anos. Padrões mais frequentes em cada área individual foram mais frequentemente associados. Conclusões: o estudo mostra os principais padrões de contração muscular do terço superior da face em 101 pacientes, bem como suas características clínicas, e os compara com artigos publicados anteriormente. Estudos sobre padrões de contração muscular podem auxiliar no uso mais seguro e racional dos produtos disponíveis, evitando desperdícios e complicações.

Introduction: The use of botulinum toxin has become one the essential cosmetic procedures performed in the world. Objective: To identify patterns of muscle contraction of the forehead, glabellar complex, and orbicularis oculi muscle in patients from southern Brazil, establishing their epidemiology and possible associations between them. Methods: One hundred and one patients who sought treatment with botulinum toxin for the forehead, glabella, and periocular lines between 2012 and 2016 were included. Analyzes were made using digital photographs taken during a medical consultation before applying the products., The subjects received with different brands of botulinum toxin, according to the patients' or the doctors' preference Results: The most common contraction patterns were complete frontal, glabellar in converging arrows, and complete periocular. Women represented 94.1% of patients. Most patients were between 31 and 50 years old, with an average of 44.57 years. More frequent patterns in each area were more frequently associated. Conclusions: The study shows the main muscle contraction patterns of the upper third of the face in 101 patients, as well as their clinical characteristics, comparing them with previously published articles. Studies on muscle contraction patterns can assist in the safer and more rational use of the products available, avoiding waste and complications.

Value of transperineal ultrasound assessment of levator hiatal antero-posterior diameter changes in the prediction of pelvic floor dysfunction / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the value of transperineal ultrasound assessment of levator hiatal antero-posterior (LHap) diameter changes in the diagnosis of pelvic floor dysfunction.Methods:The clinical data of 246 patients with suspected pelvic floor dysfunction who received treatment in Yuyao People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province from October 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All these patients underwent clinical examination and modified Oxford score (MOS) evaluation. They were divided into observation group (low pelvic floor muscle contractility) and control group (normal pelvic floor muscle contractility) according to MOS. All patients were subjected to ultrasound examination and LHap diameter measurement under three conditions (at rest, pelvic floor muscle contraction, and maximal Valsalva maneuver). The percentage of shortening of LHap diameter (PDC%) and the percentage of elongation of LHap diameter (PIV%) were calculated. The differences of PDC% and PIV% were compared between the observation and control groups. The receiver operating curve was used to evaluate the values of PDC% and PIV% in the diagnosis of pelvic floor dysfunction.Results:Age, body mass index, the proportion of parturient women among included patients, and the proportion of patients who underwent vaginal delivery were significantly higher in the observation group than those in the control group (all P < 0.001). LHap diameters measured when patients were at rest, pelvic floor muscle contraction, and maximal Valsalva maneuver as well as PIV% in the observation group were (45.23 ± 5.74) mm], (37.71 ± 8.44) mm, (51.03 ± 7.41) mm and (11.42 ± 4.79)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group [(41.78 ± 4.56) mm, (29.15 ± 4.64) mm, (44.28 ± 4.87) mm, (6.05 ± 2.13)%, t = -4.62, -8.29, -7.26, -9.36, all P < 0.001]. PDC% in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(17.52 ± 5.58)% vs. (32.19 ± 4.27)%, t = 20.39, P < 0.001]. MOS was positively correlated with PDC% ( r = 0.56, P < 0.001) and it was negatively correlated with PIV% ( r = -0.49, P < 0.001). Taking PDC% < 35.36% as the cut-off value, the area under the receiver operating curve was 0.85, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values were 66.40%, 97.38%, and 73.90%, respectively. Taking PIV% > 5.18% as the cut-off value, the area under the curve was 0.70, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values were 71.45%, 57.90% and 68.15%, respectively. When PDC% and PIV% were used together, the area under the curve was 0.73 and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values were 84.57%, 55.05% and 77.32%, respectively. Conclusion:Transperineal ultrasound assessment of LHap diameter changes are of certain value in the prediction of pelvic floor dysfunction and can provide objective and quantitative data support for clinicians to diagnose pelvic floor dysfunction. This study is highly innovative and scientific.

Movable surface models of hand joints using visible korean / Modelos de superficies móviles de articulaciones de manos utilizando visible Korean

SUMMARY: The human hand can make precise movements utilizing several joints of various articular types. To understand hand movements more accurately, it is essential to view the actual movements of bones and muscles considering the X, Y, and Z axes in the joints. This study aimed to investigate the joint movements in a hand using movable surface models, including these axes. These movable surface models of the hand will improve medical students' understanding of hand movements around the joints. To achieve this aim, 70 surface models were adopted from a Visible Korean model. Using Maya software, 20 virtual joints with X, Y, and Z axes included nine distal and proximal interphalangeal joints, five metacarpophalangeal joints, five carpometacarpal joints, and one wrist joint were created. Bone surface models were elaborately polished to maintain their original shape during movement. Muscle surface models were also processed to display the deformation of the muscle shape during movement. The surface models of the hand joints were moved by virtual control of the joints. We saved 87 movable surface models of the hand, including bones, muscles, and joint axes in stereolithography format, and compiled a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Using the PDF file, the joint movements in a hand could be observed considering the X, Y, and Z axes alongside the stereoscopic shapes of the bones and muscles. These movable surface models of the hand will improve medical students' understanding of hand movements around the joints.

RESUMEN: La mano humana puede realizar movimientos precisos utilizando varias articulaciones de diferentes tipos articulares. Para comprender los movimientos de las manos con mayor precisión, es esencial ver los movimientos reales de los huesos y los músculos considerando los ejes X, Y y Z de las articulaciones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los movimientos articulares en una mano utilizando modelos de superficies móviles, incluidos estos ejes. Estos modelos de superficie móvil de la mano mejorarán la comprensión de los estudiantes de medicina de los movimientos de la mano alrededor de las articulaciones. Para lograr este objetivo, se adoptaron 70 modelos de superficie de un modelo coreano visible. Con el software Maya, se crearon 20 articulaciones virtuales con ejes X, Y y Z que incluyeron nueve articulaciones interfalángicas distales y proximales, cinco articulaciones metacarpofalángicas, cinco articulaciones carpometacarpianas y una articulación de muñeca. Los modelos de superficie ósea se pulieron minuciosamente para mantener su forma original durante el movimiento. También se procesaron modelos de superficie muscular para mostrar la deformación de la forma del músculo durante el movimiento. Los modelos de superficie de las articulaciones de las manos se movieron mediante el control virtual de las articulaciones. Guardamos 87 modelos de superficies móviles de la mano, incluidos huesos, músculos y ejes articulares en formato de estereolitografía, y compilamos un archivo en formato de documento portátil (PDF). Usando el archivo PDF, los movimientos de las articulaciones en una mano se pueden observar considerando los ejes X, Y y Z junto con las formas estereoscópicas de los huesos y músculos. Estos modelos de superficie móvil de la mano mejorarán la comprensión de los estudiantes de medicina sobre los movimientos de la mano alrededor de las articulaciones.

Enhanced active contraction of the transversus abdominis during walking / Aumento de la contracción activa del músculo transverso del abdomen durante la caminata / Aumento da contração ativa do músculo transverso do abdome durante a caminhada

ABSTRACT Introduction: We applied three-dimensional gait analysis to assess the effects of enhanced active contraction of the transversus abdominis (EACTA) during walking. We sought to evaluate the effect of EACTA during walking in order to improve walking quality. Methods: Thirty college students were recruited and trained to perform EACTA during walking. We examined gait parameters under different conditions, including EACTA and habitual ACTA (natural walking with mild contraction of the feedforward mechanism of ACTA, HACTA) during walking using three-dimensional gait analysis. We compared differences in gait parameters under the two walking conditions using SPSS 16.0 statistical software. Results: The following gait parameters were significantly lower under EACTA conditions than under HACTA conditions (P < 0.05): stance phase, 59.151% ± 1.903% vs. 59.825% ± 1.495%; stride time, 1.104 s ± 0.080 s vs. 1.134 s ± 0.073 s:; stance time, 0.656 s ± 0.057 s vs. 0.678 s ± 0.053 s; and swing time, 0.447 s ± 0.028 s vs. 0.454 s ± 0.031 s, respectively. Gait parameters single support phase and mean velocity were significantly higher for EACTA than for HACTA conditions (both P < 0.05). Conclusions: Overall, the results revealed that EACTA during walking can improve gait. This method is simple, and EACTA training during walking to improve gait quality in daily life could provide a positive basis for people to strengthen the transverse abdominal muscle. Level of evidence III; Retrospective comparative study .

RESUMEN Introducción: Aplicamos el análisis tridimensional de la marcha para evaluar los efectos del aumento de la contracción activa del músculo transverso del abdomen (EACTA) durante la caminata. Buscamos evaluar el efecto del EACTA durante la caminata para mejorar su calidad. Métodos: Treinta estudiantes universitarios fueron reclutados y entrenados para realizar el EACTA durante la caminata. Examinamos los parámetros de la marcha en diferentes condiciones, incluyendo EACTA y ACTA habitual (caminata natural con leve contracción del mecanismo de feedforward del ACTA, HACTA) durante la caminata usando análisis tridimensional de la marcha. Comparamos las diferencias en los parámetros de la marcha en las dos condiciones de caminata en el software estadístico SPSS 16.0. Resultados: Los siguientes parámetros de marcha fueron significativamente más bajos en la condición EACTA que en condiciones HACTA (P <0,05): fase de apoyo 59,151 ± 1,903% vs 59,825 ± 1,495%, tiempo de zancada 1,104 s ± 0,080 s vs 1,134 s ± 0,073 s, tiempo de apoyo 0,656 s ± 0,057 s vs 0,678 s ± 0,053 s y tiempo de balance 0,447 s ± 0,028 s vs 0,454 s ± 0,031 s, respectivamente. Los parámetros de la marcha, fase de apoyo simple y velocidad promedio fueron significativamente mayores en el EACTA que en las condiciones HACTA (ambos P <0,05). Conclusiones: En general, los resultados revelaron que el EACTA durante la caminata puede mejorar la marcha. Este método es simple, y el entrenamiento del EACTA durante la caminata para mejorar la calidad de la marcha en la vida diaria puede ser una base positiva para el fortalecimiento del músculo transverso del abdomen. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio retrospectivo comparativo .

RESUMO Introdução: Aplicamos a análise tridimensional da marcha para avaliar os efeitos do aumento da contração ativa do músculo transverso do abdome (EACTA) durante a caminhada. Procuramos avaliar o efeito do EACTA durante a caminhada para melhorar sua qualidade. Métodos: Trinta estudantes universitários foram recrutados e treinados para realizar o EACTA durante a caminhada. Examinamos os parâmetros da marcha em diferentes condições, incluindo EACTA e ACTA habitual (caminhada natural com leve contração do mecanismo de feedforward do ACTA, HACTA) durante a caminhada usando análise tridimensional da marcha. Comparamos as diferenças nos parâmetros da marcha nas duas condições de caminhada no software estatístico SPSS 16.0. Resultados: Os seguintes parâmetros da marcha foram significativamente mais baixos na condição EACTA do que em condições HACTA (P < 0,05): fase de apoio 59,151 ± 1,903% vs. 59,825 ± 1,495%, tempo de passada 1,104 s ± 0,080 s vs. 1,134 s ± 0,073 s, tempo de apoio 0,656 s ± 0,057 s vs. 0,678 s ± 0,053 s e tempo de balanço 0,447 s ± 0,028 s vs. 0,454 s ± 0,031 s, respectivamente. Os parâmetros da marcha fase de apoio simples e velocidade média foram significativamente maiores no EACTA do que nas condições HACTA (ambos P < 0,05). Conclusões: No geral, os resultados revelaram que o EACTA durante a caminhada pode melhorar a marcha. Esse método é simples, e o treinamento do EACTA durante a caminhada para melhorar a qualidade da marcha na vida diária pode ser uma base positiva para o fortalecimento do músculo transverso do abdome. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo comparativo .

Inhibition of LIM kinase reduces contraction and proliferation in bladder smooth muscle

Overactive bladder (OAB) is the most bothersome symptom in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Current pharmacologic treatment aims to inhibit detrusor contraction; however, shows unsatisfied efficacy and high discontinuation rate. LIM kinases (LIMKs) promote smooth muscle contraction in the prostate; however, their function in the bladder smooth muscle remains unclear. Here, we studied effects of the LIMK inhibitors on bladder smooth muscle contraction and proliferation both

Relação entre os músculos masseter e esternocleidomastoideo nas situações de flexão e rotação da coluna cervical, em mastigação e máxima intercuspidação habitual, analisados através da atividade eletromiográfica / Relationship between the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles in the flexion and rotation functions of the cervical, chewing and maximum habitual intercuspation, analyzed by the electromyographic activity

Na atualidade, com as frequentes inovações tecnológicas agregadas aos telefones celulares favorecendoseu uso excessivo, altos níveis de estresse e o ritmo acelerado da vida, inconscientemente, as pessoas têmadotado novas e diferentes posturas corporais, que direta ou indiretamente interferem na posição da colunavertebral. Um importante músculo postural do pescoço é o esternocleidomastoideo, cuja relevante função éa de estabilizar. Objetivo: analisar a possível relação entre os músculos masseter e esternocleidomastoideo,em diferentes posições da cabeça e da coluna cervical, nas situações de mastigação, repouso e máximaintercuspidação habitual. Metodologia: os dados foram coletados inicialmente com cabeça e coluna eretas,em repouso e em máxima intercuspidação habitual. Em seguida, coletou-se, sempre em mastigação, com acabeça e a coluna eretas, inclinadas para frente, para trás, para direita, para esquerda, giradas para direita epara esquerda. Todos os momentos de coleta de dados ocorreram por 5 segundos em cada posição. Resultados:nota-se um aumento na atividade elétrica do músculo esternocleidomastoideo quando a mastigaçãoacontece com a cabeça e a coluna fora da posição ereta. Em algumas posições da cabeça, esse aumento, emvalores absolutos, não é observado de forma relevante no sexo feminino, sendo notado no masculino. Conclusões:existe uma relação de trabalho entre os músculos masseter e esternocleidomastoideo. Essa relaçãosugere que o segundo músculo trabalha na tentativa de estabilizar a cabeça para otimizar o ato mastigatório,ação essa notadamente encontrada no sexo masculino e de forma menos ativa no sexo feminino.(AU)

Nowadays, with the frequent technological innovations added to cell phones favoring their excessive use, high levels of stress and the fast pace of life, people have unconsciously adopted new and different body postures that directly or indirectly interfere in the position of the spine. An important postural muscle of the neck is the sternocleidomastoid, whose important function is to stabilize it. Objective: to analyze the possible relationship between the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles, in different positions of the head and cervical spine, in situations of chewing, resting and maximum habitual intercuspation. Methodology: data were collected initially with head and spine erect, at rest and at maximum habitual intercuspation. Then, it was collected, always chewing, with the head and column erect, tilted forward, backward, right, left, turned to the right and turned to the left. All moments of data collection occurred for 5 seconds in each position. Results: An increase in the electrical activity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is observed when chewing occurs with the head and spine out of the upright position. In some positions of the head this increase, in absolute values, is not observed in a relevant way in the female sex, being noticed in the male. Conclusions: there is a working relationship between the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles. This relationship suggests that the second muscle works in an attempt to stabilize the head to optimize the masticatory act, an action that is notably found in men and less actively in women.(AU)

Torque estimation based on surface electromyography: potential tool for knee rehabilitation / Estimación de par basada en electromiografía de superficie: potencial herramienta para la rehabilitación de rodilla

Abstract Introduction: Multiple signal processing studies have reported the application of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals in robotics and motor rehabilitation processes. Objective: To conduct a literature review on the use of sEMG signals as an alternative method for knee torque estimation in order to objectively measure the progress of patients at different stages of knee injury rehabilitation. Materials and methods: A literature review of studies published between 1986 and 2018, without geographical limits, was carried out in the Engineering Village, IEEE Xplore, Science-Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases by combining 8 search terms. Results: After completing the initial search, 355 records were retrieved. Duplicated publications were eliminated, and 308 articles were analyzed to determine if they met the inclusion criteria. Finally, 18 studies describing, in a comparative way, how to estimate torque based on sEMG signals were included. Conclusion: The use of sEMG signals to calculate joint torque is an alternative method that allows therapists to obtain quantitative parameters and assess the progress of patients undergoing knee rehabilitation processes.

Resumen Introducción. Múltiples estudios de procesamiento de señales han reportado la aplicación de las señales de electromiografía de superficie (sEMG) en robótica y en procesos de rehabilitación motora. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el uso de señales de sEMG como alternativa para la estimación del par de rodilla con el fin de medir objetivamente el progreso de los pacientes en las diferentes etapas de rehabilitación de lesiones de rodilla. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura publicada entre 1986 y 2018, sin límites geográficos, en las bases de datos Engineering Village, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed mediante la combinación de 8 términos de búsqueda. Resultados. Al finalizar la búsqueda inicial se obtuvieron 355 registros. Luego de realizar la remoción de duplicados esta cifra descendió a 308, los cuales fueron analizados para determinar si cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Finalmente se incluyeron 18 estudios que describen de forma comparativa cómo estimar el par a partir de señales de sEMG. Conclusión. El uso de señales de sEMG para calcular el par en una articulación es una herramienta alternativa que permite al terapeuta acceder a parámetros cuantitativos y, de esta forma, valorar el progreso de los pacientes durante el proceso de rehabilitación de rodilla.

Avaliação da força muscular dos membros superiores através dinamometro hand held: estudo piloto / Evaluation of muscular strength of the upper limbs through dynamometer hand held: pilot study

Introdução: a avaliação de componentes físicos é importante para a estratificação da capacidade funcional de um indivíduo. A contração muscular gerada por encurtamento das unidades contráteis do músculo, promovendo força muscular. Objetivos: descrever um protocolo de avaliação da força muscular periférica dos membros superiores (MMSS) através do dinamômetro Hand Held (DHH), assim como testar, em estudo piloto, o instrumento e o protocolo de coleta propostos. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo piloto, de caráter descritivo, de corte transversal, que expõe e aplica o protocolo de avaliação da força muscular periférica de MMSS em indivíduos saudáveis. A amostra foi composta por voluntários saudáveis, com idade entre 18 e 80 anos, que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). Foi testada a contração isométrica para os principais movimentos das maiores articulações dos MMSS superior do membro de dominância. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa do ICS/UFBA, parecer n°1537948. Os dados qualitativos foram expostos em frequência absoluta e relativa, e os dados quantitativos expressos em média e desvio padrão e (ou) mínimo e máximo. Foi realizada a correlação de Pearson entre o torque dos flexores do cotovelo com variáveis antropométricas escalares. Resultado: a amostra foi composta por 16 voluntários, com idade entre 20 e 40 anos, predominância do sexo feminino (62,5%), IMC médio 23,7 (4,8), fisicamente ativos (68,8%). A mensuração do torque demonstrou maiores torques flexores de cotovelo, rotadores internos de ombro, extensores de punho e extensores de ombro. Conclusão: o protocolo demonstrouse prático e factível, com tempo de mensuração médio de 30 minutos. Não foram observados eventos adversos conhecidos durante as avaliações.

Introduction: t evaluation of physical components is important for the stratification of an individual's functional capacity. The muscle contraction generated by shortening of the contractile units of the muscle, promoting muscle strength. Objectives: to describe a protocol for the assessment of upper limb muscle strength (MMSS) using the Hand Held Dynamometer (DHH), as well as to test the proposed instrument and collection protocol in a pilot study. Methodology this is a descriptive, cross-sectional, pilot study that exposes and applies the protocol for the evaluation of peripheral muscle strength of MMSS in healthy individuals. The sample consisted of healthy volunteers, aged between 18 and 80 years, who signed the informed consent form (TCLE). We tested the isometric contraction for the major movements of the major joints of the superior MMSS of the dominance limb. The research was approved by the research ethics committee of ICS / UFBA, opinion n1537948. The qualitative data were exposed in absolute and relative frequency, and the quantitative data expressed in mean and standard deviation and (or) minimum and maximum. The Pearson correlation between the torque of the elbow flexors and scalar anthropometric variables was performed. Results: the sample consisted of 16 volunteers, aged between 20 and 40 years, predominantly female (62.5%), mean BMI 23.7 (4.8), physically active (68.8%). Torque measurement showed greater elbow flexor torques, internal rotators of the shoulder, wrist extensors, and shoulder extensors. Conclusion: the protocol proved to be practical and feasible, with an average measurement time of 30 minutes. No known adverse events were observed during the assessments.

Concurrent validity of the static and dynamic measures of inspiratory muscle strength: comparison between maximal inspiratory pressure and s-index

Abstract Objective: To verify the concurrent validity between the inspiratory muscle strength (IMS) values obtained in static (maximal inspiratory pressure [MIP]) and dynamic (S-Index) assessments. Methods: Healthy individuals were submitted to two periods of evaluation: i) MIP, static maneuver to obtain IMS, determined by the Mueller's maneuver from residual volume (RV) until total lung capacity (TLC); ii) and S-Index, inspiration against open airway starting from RV until TLC. Both measures were performed by the same evaluator and the subjects received the same instructions. Isolated maneuvers with differences < 10% were considered as reproducible measures. Results: Data from 45 subjects (21 males) were analyzed and that showed statistical difference between MIP and S-Index values (133.5 ± 33.3 and 125.6 ± 32.2 in cmH2O, respectively), with P=0.014. Linear regression showed r2=0.54 and S-Index prediction formula = 39.8+(0.75×MIP). Pearson's correlation demonstrated a strong and significant association between the measures with r=0.74. The measurements showed good concordance evidenced by the Bland-Altman test. Conclusion: S-Index and MIP do not present similar values since they are evaluations of different events of the muscular contraction. However, they have a strong correlation and good agreement, which indicate that both are able to evaluate the IMS of healthy individuals.

Oximetría, Frecuencia Cardíaca, Apnea y Actividad de los Músculos Masticatorios en Sujetos con BS / Oximetry, Heart Rate, Apnea and Mastication Muscle Activity in Subjects with Sleep Bruxism

RESUMEN: El objectivo de este estudio fue describir los valores promedio de oximetría, frecuencia cardíaca y eventos de apnea durante la noche y la actividad de los músculos maseteros y temporales en un grupo de adultos jóvenes con BS. Estudio observacional descriptivo de serie de casos que consideró una muestra 20 jóvenes entre 21 y 25 años diagnosticados con BS mediante polisomnografía. Se describieron las condiciones de actividad de los músculos maseteros y temporales mediante electromiografía y los valores e los signos vitales mediante polisomnografía. El análisis estadístico fue de tipo descriptivo, se aplicaron medidas de tendencia central, frecuencias absolutas y relativas. El promedio de la actividad muscular durante la masticación de los maseteros fue (D: 86) (I: 520). El promedio de la actividad muscular durante la masticación de los temporales fue (D: 340) (I: 510). El promedio en los episodios de hipopnea fue de (28,9). El promedio de oximetría fue (NMOR: 93,5) (MOR: 93,8). El promedio de la tasa cardiaca fue (NMOR: 65,4) (MOR: 66,8) latidos/minuto. El promedio de eventos de bruxismo fue (NREM: 135,4) (REM: 120,2).y el índice (eventos BS/hora) (40,60). Las características de las musculares masticatorias y los signos vitales durante el sueño de los sujetos con BS pueden ayudar al entendimiento y a la toma de decisiones en el tratamiento.

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to describe the average oximetry, heart rate, and apnea events values during sleep, and the activity of masseter and temporal muscles in a group of young adults with SB (Sleep Bruxism). This serial case and observational descriptive study comprised of a sample of 20 young people between 21 and 25 years of age, who were diagnosed with SB through a polysomnography test. Electromyography recordings served to describe the activity conditions of masseter and temporal muscles, while polysomnography was used to obtain measurement values and vital signs. A descriptive statistical analysis accounting for measures of central tendency, absolute and relative frequencies was performed. During mastication, the average masseter and temporal muscle activity values registered at (D: 86) (I: 520), and (D: 340) (I: 510) respectively. While, the average value for hypopnea episodes was (28.9), and (NREM: 93.5) (REM: 93.8) for oximetry. The average heart rate exhibited a value of (NREM: 65.4) (REM: 66.8) beats / minute, while the values for bruxism events registered at (NREM: 135.4) (REM: 120.2) with an index value of (SB events / hour) (40.60). Muscles of mastication characteristics, and vital signs during sleep for subjects with SB can aid in understanding and decision making in treatment.

The stretch-shortening cycle efficiency is dependent on the maturational stage / A eficiência do ciclo alongamento-encurtamento é dependente do estágio maturacional

Abstract Maturation interferes with physiological and mechanical aspects of muscle contraction. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) between different maturation stages. One hundred forty six young people, with 72 boys and 74 girls, were recruited to participate in the study. Sexual maturation was measured and the group was stratified into adolescents (> 3 auto-tanner) and children (<2 auto-tanner). Squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance were measured to measure reactive force (RF) capacity, eccentric utilization ratio (EUR) and pre-stretch augmentation (PSAP). The children did not present statistical difference between SJ and CMJ (t(55)= -1.93; ∆ = -0.61; 95% CI = -1.24 to -0.02; p = 0.058), while the adolescents presented higher performance of CMJ (t(89)= -12.28; ∆ = -2.44; 95% CI = -2.84 to -2.05; p <0.001). In addition, adolescents had higher RF performance (t(144)= 5.18; p <0.0001; 95% CI = 2.53 to 1.13), PSAP (t(144)= 4.38; p <0.0001; 95% CI = 14.00 to 5.29) and EUR (t(144)= 4.38; p <0.0001; 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.05). We conclude that more mature young people have better SSC utilization.

Resumo Maturação interfere em aspectos fisiológicos e mecânicos da contração muscular. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a eficiência do ciclo alongamento-encurtamento (SSC) em diferentes estágios maturacionais. Cento e quarenta e seis jovens, sendo 72 meninos e 74 meninas, foram recrutados para participar do estudo. Maturação sexual foi mensurada e o grupo foi estratificado em adolescentes (≥ 3 e crianças (< estágio 2). Salto estático (SJ) e o salto contramovimento (CMJ) foram utilizados para mensurar a força reativa (RF), razão de utilização da excêntrica (EUR) e aumento do pré-estiramento (PSAP). As crianças não apresentaram diferença significante entre SJ e CMJ (t(55)= -1.93; ∆ = -0.61; 95% CI = -1.24 to -0.02; p = 0.058), Enquanto que os adolescentes apresentaram maior desempenho de CMJ (t(89)= -12.28; ∆ = -2.44; 95% CI = -2.84 to -2.05; p <0.001). Em adição, adolescentes apresentaram maior RF (t(144)= 5.18; p <0.0001; 95% CI = 2.53 to 1.13), PSAP (t(144)= 4.38; p <0.0001; 95% CI = 14.00 to 5.29) e EUR (t(144)= 4.38; p <0.0001; 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.05). Nós concluímos que jovens com mais maturados apresentam maior capacidade de utilização do SSC.

Muscle Contraction During Maneuvering Steering Wheel Using Surface Electromyograpyhy

@#Driving posture is one of the factors that need to be emphasized in ensuring driver’s comfort and to avoid road accidents and injuries. Meanwhile, fatigue has a strong relationship with comfortable posture and it contributes 15.7% of the total road accidents in Malaysia. Fatigue can reduce driving concentration and performances, thus increases the risk of road accidents and injuries. In order to determine the driver’s comfort, this study had measured muscle contraction using the objective measurement for comfortable and optimum driving posture angles. The equipment used for conducting objective measurement on 14 respondents was sEMG. The researcher had used sEMG equipment to evaluate muscles activities at upper extremities, which comprises of Biceps Brachii (BB), Deltoid Anterior (DA) and Trapezious Upper (TU) that were involved during controlling the car steering. It involves three driving postures parameters according to the fixed elbow and shoulder angles. The results from this study showed the BB muscle increased positively when turning the steering wheel to the right within 3 to 6 times value increased. Meanwhile, DA and TU muscles experience a contraction in the opposite direction with steering wheel turning action, which shows higher right side DA and TU muscle contraction when the driver turn the steering to the left with around 80% decrease for DA and within 60% to 80% decrease value for TU. BB muscle also shows an increasing value of muscle contraction with higher elbow flexion, meanwhile DA and TU muscles contraction also show an increment in-line with greater shoulder abduction. The results showed that posture B with elbow angle at 36° and shoulder angle at 134° are the most comfortable driving postures, hence the lowest muscle contraction value of 15.67μV (BB), 19.31μV (DA) and 12.36μV (TU) compared to the other two measured postures. The results of muscle contraction from this study is capable of assisting researchers and car manufacturers to understand the relationship of steering maneuvering when developing more comfortable and suitable vehicle’s driver seat compartment.

Study Of Cybersickness On Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Using Smartphone

@#Cybersickness is one of the psycho-physiological responses affecting human performances when it is interacting with Virtual Environment. Virtual Environment (VE) is an advanced technological model generated by computer which allows users feel the real-life presence like that in the real environment. However the repetitive exposure to VE causes sickness, especially the eyestrain when the eyes are forced to make an accommodation and focus on the virtual object. This symptom can be identified on the eye’s movement and the eyes muscle contraction. Thus, it is considered significant to evaluate the contraction of eye’s muscle. The objective of this study is to analyse the eyestrain in the constant use of smartphone for playing the war game. Empirical study was conducted to gather the relevant data. Ten subjects, who were familiar with the war game, were involved in this study. Electromyography (EMG) was used to record the signal of muscle contraction on lateral eyes muscle. Statistical analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis. The result of this study showed that there was a significant difference in visual acuity between normal brightness and 0% brightness and 100% brightness of smartphone while sitting in operating. There was also significant difference in visual acuity between the normal brightness 0%, 50%, and 100% of brightness depending on the lying down position. As for the higher contraction on lateral rectus muscle of the eyes occurred in lying down position than in sitting position at any level of brightness.